How to make a water rocket

How To Make A Water Rocket

Steps:   



1.In this step you will have to use an Exacto knife to cut out the  center of the first bottle. Look at picture to see where to cut.  Make sure you keep the top and bottom leftover from cutting out the center.

2.Place the middle of the cut bottle on the bottom of the second bottle and attach using duct tape. Make sure the two pieces are securely attached.



  3.Take the manila folder. Along the folded side, cut three triangles so when they are opened, they appear as  diamonds.Fold the edges of the fins so there is a flat piece  that will be  taped down to the bottle. Attach the fins to the bottle using duct   tape.

                                                 

4.Creating the top of your rocket is really simple. All you have  to do is take the top of the first bottle you cut and attach it to a foam cylinder using duct tape. Then take a piece of foam and  place it under the top of the bottle. Trace the outside of the circle on the foam. Cut out the circle with the Exacto knife. Use the outside as a skirt and place it around the cylinder, attach using a stapler.

         

5.After creating the top, create 6 incisions using the Exacto knife, spread equally apart, around the top part of the cone. Then cut each elastic band so they are straight lines. Slide the rubber bands through the incisions. The first one through the first incision, and through the incision across from it; the second one through the second incision, and through the incision across from that; the third through the third incision, and through the incision across from that.
Pull both sides of the elastics up over the top of the bottle and screw on the top to hold in place.
An asterisk should appear in the inside of the top of your cone. 



      

6.Take your garbage bag and cut the bottom off so that it lays out flat into a big rectangle. Then cut down the center so you have two squares. Cut a circle out of one of your squares, and there you have your parachute.

7.Using your Exacto knife, cut a hole through the tennis ball. Take a piece of wire and loop it through the tennis ball so it creates a handle. Then take your parachute and put 8 pieces of masking tape, spread evenly around the edge. Then punch 8 holes, one in each piece of masking tape. Take your fishing line and cut 8 even pieces. Tie one end of the fishing line to a hole in the parachute and the other end to the handle on the tennis ball. Repeat 7 times. Make sure the fishing line is taut when you lift up the tennis ball in the center of the chute.

                       

8.The ballon should be blown up to capacity (which isn't very big because it's a water balloon). After it is blown up, place it in the top of the cone.

                                                                                                                                   

                                  

9.Fold the parachute in half horizontally and then again vertically. Fold the parachute into vertical triangles. After it is the thinnest you can make it, fold it in half horizontally. Place the tennis ball, followed by the parachute in the bottom of the bottle rocket.

10.Fill your bottle between 1/2 way & 2/3. Pump the air pump to between 60 & 80 and launch! The air pressure on the top, to the balloon should bounce the top off on the way down, releasing the top and then your parachute. Watch as your tennis ball floats through the air!

            

                                                   

Solar cooker

Solar Cooker

A solar oven or solar cooker is a device which uses sunlight as its energy source. Because they use no fuel and they cost nothing to run, humanitarian organizations are promoting their use worldwide to help slow deforestation and desertification, caused by using wood as fuel for cooking. Solar cookers are a form of outdoor cooking and are often used in situations where minimal fuel consumption is important, or the danger of accidental fires is high.

There are a variety of types of solar cookers: over 65 major designs and hundreds of variations of them. The basic principles of all solar cookers are:

• Concentrating sunlight: Some device, usually a mirror or some type of reflective metal, is used to concentrate light and heat from the sun into a small cooking area, making the energy more concentrated and therefore more potent.
• Converting light to heat: Any black on the inside of a solar cooker, as well as certain materials for pots, will improve the effectiveness of turning light into heat. A black pan will absorb almost all of the sun's light and turn it into heat, substantially improving the effectiveness of the cooker. Also, the better a pan conducts heat, the faster the oven will work.
• Trapping heat: Isolating the air inside the cooker from the air outside the cooker makes an important difference. Using a clear solid, like a plastic bag or a glass cover, will allow light to enter, but once the light is absorbed and converted to heat, a plastic bag or glass cover will trap the heat inside. This makes it possible to reach similar temperatures on cold and windy days as on hot days.
• Plastic Sheet: Uses plastic sheets to assure that liquids do not seep through into the oven. Also to prevent staining of the underlying sheet in the oven.

The top can usually be removed to allow dark pots containing food to be placed inside. One or more reflectors of shiny metal or foil-lined material may be positioned to bounce extra light into the interior of the oven chamber. Cooking containers and the inside bottom of the cooker should be dark-colored or black. Inside walls should be reflective to reduce radiative heat loss and bounce the light towards the pots and the dark bottom, which is in contact with the pots.

Box cookers

Insulator for the solar box cooker has to be able to withstand temperatures up to 150°C (300 °F) without melting or off-gassing. Crumpled newspapers, wool, rags, dry grass, sheets of cardboard, etc. can be used to insulate the walls of the cooker, but since most of the heat escapes through the top glass or plastic, very little insulation in the walls is necessary. The transparent top is either glass, which is durable but hard to work with, or an oven cooking bag, which is lighter, cheaper, and easier to work with, but less durable. If dark pots and/or bottom trays cannot be located, these can be darkened either with flat-black spray paint (one that is non-toxic when warmed), black tempera paint, or soot from a fire.

The solar box cooker typically reaches a temperature of 150 °C (300 °F). This is not as hot as a standard oven, but still hot enough to cook food over a somewhat longer period of time. Food containing a lot of moisture cannot get much hotter than 100 °C (212 °F) in any case, so it is not always necessary to cook at the high temperatures indicated in standard cookbooks. Because the food does not reach too high a temperature, it can be safely left in the cooker all day without burning. It is best to start cooking before noon, though. Depending on the latitude and weather, food can be cooked either early or later in the day. The cooker can be used to warm food and drinks and can also be used to pasteurize water or milk.^[1] If you use an indoor stove for your actual cooking, you can save significant fuel by using the solar cooker to preheat the water to be used for cooking grains, soups, etc., to nearly boiling.

Solar box cookers can be made of locally available materials or be manufactured in a factory for sale.^[2] They range from small cardboard devices, suitable for cooking a single meal when the sun is shining, to wood and glass boxes built into the sunny side of a house.^[3] Although invented by Horace de Saussure, a Swiss naturalist, as early as 1767, solar box cookers have only gained popularity since the 1970s. These surprisingly simple and useful appliances are seen in growing numbers in almost every country of the world.^[4] An index of detailed wiki pages for each country can be found here.

Panel cookers

Panel solar cookers are very inexpensive solar cookers that use reflective panels to direct sunlight to a cooking pot that is enclosed in a clear plastic bag. A common model is the CooKit. Developed in 1994 by Solar Cookers International, it is often produced locally by pasting a reflective material, such as aluminum foil, onto a cut and folded backing, usually corrugated cardboard. It is lightweight and folds for storage. When completely unfolded, it measures about three feet by four feet (1 m by 1.3 m). Using materials purchased in bulk, the typical cost is about US$5. However, CooKits can also be made entirely from reclaimed materials, including used cardboard boxes and foil from the inside of cigarette boxes.^[5]

The CooKit is considered a low-to-moderate temperature solar cooker, easily reaching temperatures high enough to pasteurize water or cook grains such as rice. On a sunny day, one CooKit can collect enough solar energy to cook rice, meat or vegetables to feed a family with up to three or four children. Larger families use two or more cookers.

The HotPot cooking vessel consists of a dark pot suspended inside a clear pot with a lid

To use a panel cooker, it is folded into a bowl shape. Food is placed in a dark-colored pot, covered with a tightly fitted lid. The pot is placed in a clear plastic bag and tied, clipped, or folded shut. The panel cooker is placed in direct sunlight until the food is cooked, which usually requires several hours for a full family-sized meal. For faster cooking, the pot can be raised on sticks or wires to allow the heated air to circulate underneath it.

High-temperature plastic bags (oven roasting bags) can be re-used for more than a month, but any plastic bag will work, if measures (such as sticks or wires) are taken to keep the bag from touching the hot cooking pot and melting to it. The purpose of the plastic bag is to trap heated air next to the pot; it may not be needed on very bright, windless days.

A recent development is the HotPot developed by US NGO Solar Household Energy, Inc. The cooking vessel in this cooker is a large clear pot with a clear lid into which a dark pot is suspended. This design has the advantage of very even heating since the sun is able to shine onto the sides and the bottom of the pot during cooking. An added advantage is that the clear lid allows the food to be observed while it is cooking without removing the lid. The HotPot provides an alternative to using plastic bags in a panel cooker.

Solar kettles

Solar kettles are solar thermal devices that can heat water to boiling point through the reliance on solar energy alone. Some of them use evacuated solar glass tube technology to capture, accumulate and store solar energy needed to power the kettle. Besides heating liquids, since the stagnating temperature of solar vacuum glass tubes is a high 220 °C (425 °F), solar kettles can also deliver dry heat and function as ovens and autoclaves. Moreover, since solar vacuum glass tubes work on accumulated rather than concentrated solar thermal energy, solar kettles only need diffused sunlight to work and needs no sun tracking at all. If solar kettles use solar vacuum tubes technologies, the vacuum insulating properties will keep previously heated water hot throughout the night e.g. the SK-TF.

Cookers with parabolic reflectors

                  

Although these types of solar cookers can cook as well as a conventional oven, they are difficult to construct. Parabolic cookers reach high temperatures and cook quickly, but require frequent adjustment and supervision for safe operation. Several hundred thousand exist, mainly in China. They are especially useful for large-scale institutional cooking.

Parabolic reflectors that have their centres of mass coincident with their focal points are useful. They can be easily turned, to follow the sun's motions in the sky, rotating about an axis that passes through the focus. The cooking pot therefore stays stationary. If the paraboloid is axially symmetrical and is made of material of uniform thickness, this condition occurs if the depth of the paraboloid is 1.8478 times its focal length.

Using two parabolic troughs to simulate a paraboloid

It is possible to use two parabolic troughs, curved in perpendicular directions, to bring sunlight to a point focus as does a paraboloidal reflector. The incoming light strikes one of the troughs, which sends it toward a line focus. The second trough intercepts the converging light and focuses it to a point. Compared with a single paraboloid, using two partial troughs has important advantages. The troughs are "single curves", which can be made by bending a sheet of metal without any need for cutting, crumpling, or stretching. Also, the light that reaches the target - the cooking pot - is directed approximately downward, which reduces the danger of damage to the eyes of anyone nearby. On the other hand, there are disadvantages. More mirror material is needed, increasing the cost, and the light is reflected by two surfaces instead of one, which inevitably increases the amount that is lost.

Experimental arrangements of this kind have been made, and have worked well. The two troughs have been held in a fixed orientation relative to each other by being both fixed to a wooden frame, The whole assembly of frame and troughs has to be moved to track the sun as it moves in the sky. However, this idea does not yet seem to have been tried in a practical cooker.

Cookers with spherical reflectors

The Solar Bowl is a unique concentrating technology used by the Solar Kitchen in Auroville, India. Unlike nearly all concentrating technologies that use tracking reflector systems, the solar bowl uses a stationary spherical reflector. This reflector focuses light along a line perpendicular to the sphere's surface and a computer control system moves the receiver to intersect this line. Steam is produced in the solar bowl's receiver at temperatures reaching 150 °C and then used for process heat in the kitchen where 2,000 meals are prepared daily.^[6]

Hybrid cookers

A hybrid solar oven is a solar box cooker equipped with a conventional electrical heating element for cloudy days or nighttime cooking. Hybrid solar ovens are therefore more independent. However, they lack the cost advantages of some other types of solar cookers, and so they have not caught on as much in third world countries where electricity or fuel sources simply do not exist.

A hybrid solar grill consists of an adjustable parabolic reflector suspended in a tripod with a movable grill surface.^[7] These outperform solar box cookers in temperature range and cooking times. When solar energy is not available, the design uses any conventional fuel as a heat source, including gas, electricity, or wood.

Using a solar cooker

The different kinds of solar cookers have somewhat different methods for use, but most follow the same basic principles.Food is prepared as it would be for an oven or stove top. Because food cooks faster when it is in smaller pieces, solar cookers usually cut the food into smaller pieces than they might otherwise.^[8] For example, potatoes are usually cut into bite-sized pieces rather than being roasted whole.^[9] For very simple cooking, such as melting butter or cheese, a lid may not be needed and the food may be placed on an uncovered tray or in a bowl. If several foods are to be cooked separately, then they are placed in different containers.

The container of food is placed inside the solar cooker, perhaps elevated on a brick, rocks, metal trivet, or other heat sink, and the solar cooker is placed in direct sunlight.^[8] If the solar cooker is entirely in direct sunlight, then the shadow of the solar cooker will not overlap with the shadow of any nearby object. Foods that cook quickly may be added to the solar cooker later. Rice for a mid-day meal might be started early in the morning, with vegetables, cheese, or meat added to the solar cooker in the middle of the morning. Depending on the size of the solar cooker and the number and quantity of cooked foods, a family may use one or more solar cookers.

The solar cooker is turned towards the sun and left until the food is cooked. Unlike cooking on a stove or over a fire, which may require more than an hour of constant supervision, food in a solar cooker is generally not stirred or turned over, both because it is unnecessary and because opening the solar cooker allows the trapped heat to escape and thereby slows the cooking process. If wanted, the solar cooker may be checked every one to two hours, to turn the cooker to face the sun more precisely and to ensure that shadows from nearby buildings or plants have not blocked the sunlight. If the food will be left untended for many hours during the day, then the solar cooker is often turned to face the point where the sun will be when it is higher in the sky, instead of towards its current position.^[10]

The cooking time depends primarily on the equipment being used, the amount of sunlight at the time, and the quantity of food that needs to be cooked. Air temperature, wind, and latitude also affect performance. Food cooks faster in the two hours before and after the local solar noon than it does in either the early morning or the late afternoon. Larger quantities of food, and food in larger pieces, take longer to cook. As a result, only general figures can be given for cooking time. For a small solar panel cooker, it might be possible to melt butter in 15 minutes, to bake cookies in 2 hours, and to cook rice for four people in 4 hours. However, depending on the local conditions and the solar cooker type, these projects could take half as long, or twice as long.

It is difficult to burn food in a solar cooker.^[9] Food that has been cooked even an hour longer than necessary is usually indistinguishable from minimally cooked food. The exception to this rule is some green vegetables, which quickly change from a perfectly cooked bright green to olive drab, while still retaining the desirable texture.

For most foods, such as rice, the typical person would be unable to tell how it was cooked from looking at the final product. There are some differences, however: Bread and cakes brown on their tops instead of on bottom. Compared to cooking over a fire, the food does not have a smoky flavor.

Advantages

Solar ovens can be used to prepare anything that can be made in a conventional oven or stove—from baked bread to steamed vegetables to roasted meat. Since solar ovens are placed outside, they do not contribute unwanted heat inside houses.

Solar cookers use no fuel, which means that their users do not need to fetch or pay for firewood, gas, electricity, or other fuels.

Solar cookers do not produce any smoke. The indoor concentration of health-damaging pollutants from a typical wood-fired cooking stove creates carbon monoxide and other noxious fumes at anywhere between seven and 500 times over the allowable limits.^[11] Fire-based cooking also produces ashes and soot, which make the home dirtier.

Unlike cooking over an open fire, children cannot be burned by touching solar cookers, which are made from the cardboard or plastic and do not get hot. Unlike all fuel-based cooking arrangements, solar cookers are not fire hazards.

Disadvantages

Solar cooking systems provide hot food during or shortly after the hottest part of the day, when people are less inclined to eat a hot meal. However, a thick pan that conducts heat slowly (such as cast iron) will lose heat at a slower rate, and that, combined with the insulation of the oven or an insulated basket, can be used to keep food warm well into the evening.

Solar cookers take longer time to cook food compared to an oven. Using a solar oven therefore requires that food preparation be started several hours before the meal. However, it requires less hands-on time cooking, so this is often considered a reasonable trade-off.

Cooks may need to learn special cooking techniques to cook common foods, such as fried eggs or flatbreads like chapatis and tortillas. It may not be possible to safely or completely cook some thick foods, such as large roasts, loaves of bread, or pots of soup, particularly in small panel cookers; the cook may need to divide these into smaller portions before cooking.

Solar cookers are less usable in cloudy or rainy weather, so some fuel-based backup heat source must still be available to cook food at these times. Some solar cooker designs are affected by strong winds, which can slow the cooking process, cool the food, and disturb the reflector.

Panel-style cookers

	Advantages	Disadvantages
General characteristics	Easy and cheap to make Can be collapsed for storage or transport	Lower temperatures. Can't fry foods. Cooks only 1-2 pots of food.
Fun-Panel	Built in about an hour from one large cardboard box or from two medium-size sheets of cardboard Doesn't require a large flat sheet of cardboard like the CooKit does Easy to adjust for different sun angles Great cooking power Very good for winter cooking in temperate regions	Not waterproof Might be difficult to use in equatorial climates where sun rises to straight overhead.
Windshield Shade	Fastest cooker to make. Waterproof	Only feasible where windshield shades are sold
Cookit	Folds to the size of a large notebook for storage or transport	Not waterproof Cooks best when the sun is high in the sky.
Sunny Cooker	Uses less cardboard than other panel cookers	Not waterproof Might be more difficult to use at mid-day in equatorial climates where sun rises to straight overhead.

Box-style cookers

	Advantages	Disadvantages
General characteristics	Can cook in multiple pots simultaneously Can be built from many different materials Can be built any size to cook large quantities of food Don't have to be turned to follow the sun while cooking	Construction time longer than panel. Can't fry foods.
The "Minimum"	Simple to build from two cardboard boxes	Not waterproof
Easy Lid	Same as "Minimum" Cooker but there is no need to construct a lid since the top of larger box becomes the lid	Not waterproof
Heaven's Flame	Extra power due to multiple reflectors Can heat multiple pots simultaneously	Must be turned a bit more often to follow the sun Bottom of oven not level as cooker tilts toward sun Not waterproof

Parabolic cookers

	Advantages	Disadvantages
General characteristics	Cook as fast as a conventional electric burner. Can fry foods.	More expensive than other models Tricky to make without imported materials. Requires periodic realignment to the sun. Can't bake bread Can damage eyes.
DATS	Can be made out of cardboard Doesn't require the pot to be in a heat resistant plastic bag	Must be realigned to the sun every 45 minutes